Les grands hôtels, témoins de l'histoire du tourisme : le Royal et Splendid Hôtel à Saint-Gervais-les-Bains (Haute-Savoie)

Buildings offer an operational insight into the way territories are structured and redesigned. In a spatial approach to tourism, grand old hotels reveal a great deal about the establishment and construction of tourist resorts. The apparent unity of a building often conceals a long and complex history, which is worth deciphering.

Tourisme et loisirs

La France et le tourisme ont depuis longtemps partie liée : voici deux siècles que les touristes ont " inventé " la Côte d\u27Azur et le Mont-Blanc. Depuis, le tourisme est devenu un phénomène majeur et une activité productive. Aujourd\u27hui, la France réussit le double exploit d\u27accueillir le plus grand nombre de touristes étrangers et de retenir sur son territoire l\u27essentiel des Français qui partent en vacances. L\u27Atlas propose une première approche géographique du tourisme et des loisirs. Il rassemble et confronte des données dispersées, souvent peu connues. Il identifie les touristes, mesure l\u27apport de la richesse et différencie les activités touristiques. Une attention particulière est prêtée à l\u27analyse des différents modes d\u27hébergement. La place très inégale du tourisme dans l\u27espace français fait l\u27objet d\u27un autre chapitre. Par jeu d\u27échelle, l\u27Atlas se termine sur l\u27analyse des lieux du tourisme. Cet ouvrage n\u27est pas seulement une succession de cartes commentées : il a l\u27ambition de faire réfléchir à la nature du tourisme et des loisirs, en prenant un peu de distance à l\u27égard des intérêts qui pèsent sur cette activité et des idées reçues que celle-ci alimente à loisir

L’Institut de Saint-Gervais. Une recherche-action dans la montagne touristique.

Cet ouvrage dresse un bilan de l\u27expérience de l\u27Institut de Saint Gervais, qui a réuni pendant 3 ans une équipe de chercheurs autour du désir commun de travailler sur la mutation des stations touristiques de la montagne alpine.

Annuaire de la recherche géographique francophone

Annuaire de la recherche géographique francophone

Les conditions de la mise en tourisme de la haute montagne et ses effets sur le territoire. L’apport d’une comparaison entre le Haut-Atlas et le Népal mise en perspective à l’aide du précédent alpin (exemple du massif du Mont-Blanc)

The article brings together information relating to certain high mountain tourist areas and places it in an historical context with a view to identifying the processes at work in the development of such areas. The study examines three mountain massifs (Mont-Blanc, Toubkal and Khumbu) where tourism development began at different times and has today reached different stages. The aim is to identify generic indices that might be applied to other tourist areas, whether they be in the mountains or not. With this in mind, the analysis focuses in particular on the role of the State, tourists and towns

MMIC power amplifiers as local oscillator drivers for FIRST

The Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared and Sub- millimeter Telescope requires local oscillators well into the terahertz frequency range. The mechanism to realize the local oscillators will involve synthesizers, active multiplier chains (AMC's) with output frequencies from 71 - 112.5 GHz, power amplifiers to amplify the AMC signals, and chains of Schottky diode multipliers to achieve terahertz frequencies. We will present the latest state-of-the-art results on 70 - 115 GHz Monolithic Millimeter-wave Integrated Circuit power amplifier technology

MMIC power amplifiers as local oscillator drivers for FIRST

The Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared and Sub- millimeter Telescope requires local oscillators well into the terahertz frequency range. The mechanism to realize the local oscillators will involve synthesizers, active multiplier chains (AMC's) with output frequencies from 71 - 112.5 GHz, power amplifiers to amplify the AMC signals, and chains of Schottky diode multipliers to achieve terahertz frequencies. We will present the latest state-of-the-art results on 70 - 115 GHz Monolithic Millimeter-wave Integrated Circuit power amplifier technology

The Homeodomain Derived Peptide Penetratin Induces Curvature of Fluid Membrane Domains

BACKGROUND:Protein membrane transduction domains that are able to cross the plasma membrane are present in several transcription factors, such as the homeodomain proteins and the viral proteins such as Tat of HIV-1. Their discovery resulted in both new concepts on the cell communication during development, and the conception of cell penetrating peptide vectors for internalisation of active molecules into cells. A promising cell penetrating peptide is Penetratin, which crosses the cell membranes by a receptor and metabolic energy-independent mechanism. Recent works have claimed that Penetratin and similar peptides are internalized by endocytosis, but other endocytosis-independent mechanisms have been proposed. Endosomes or plasma membranes crossing mechanisms are not well understood. Previously, we have shown that basic peptides induce membrane invaginations suggesting a new mechanism for uptake, "physical endocytosis". METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Herein, we investigate the role of membrane lipid phases on Penetratin induced membrane deformations (liquid ordered such as in "raft" microdomains versus disordered fluid "non-raft" domains) in membrane models. Experimental data show that zwitterionic lipid headgroups take part in the interaction with Penetratin suggesting that the external leaflet lipids of cells plasma membrane are competent for peptide interaction in the absence of net negative charges. NMR and X-ray diffraction data show that the membrane perturbations (tubulation and vesiculation) are associated with an increase in membrane negative curvature. These effects on curvature were observed in the liquid disordered but not in the liquid ordered (raft-like) membrane domains. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:The better understanding of the internalisation mechanisms of protein transduction domains will help both the understanding of the mechanisms of cell communication and the development of potential therapeutic molecular vectors. Here we showed that the membrane targets for these molecules are preferentially the fluid membrane domains and that the mechanism involves the induction of membrane negative curvature. Consequences on cellular uptake are discussed

Desmin mutations in the terminal consensus motif prevent synemin-desmin heteropolymer filament assembly

Disorganization of the desmin network is associated with cardiac and skeletal myopathies characterized by accumulation of desmin-containing aggregates in the cells. Multiple associations of intermediate filament proteins form a network to increase mechanical and functional stability. Synemin is a desmin-associated type VI intermediate filament protein. Neither its impact on desmin network nor how it integrates into desmin filament is yet elucidated. To gain more insight into the molecular basis of these processes, we coexpressed synemin with different desmin mutants in ex vivo models. The screening of fourteen desmin mutants showed that synemin with desmin mutants revealed two behaviors. Firstly, synemin was co-localized in desmin aggregates and its coexpression decreased the number of cells containing aggregates. Secondly, synemin was excluded from the aggregates, then synemin had no effect on desmin network organization. Among fourteen desmin mutants, there were only three mutants, p.E401K, p.R406W and p.E413K, in which synemin was not found in aggregates. This behavior was correlated to the abnormal salt-bridges of desmin-dimer as seen in silico constructs. Moreover, desmin constructs in silico and published results in literature have predicted that the salt-bridges absence in the desmin filament building prevent longitudinal annealing and/or radial compaction. These results suggest that the state of desmin-filament assembly is crucial for synemin anchorage and consequently might involve mechanical and functional stability of the cytoskeletal network. © 2011 Elsevier Inc